A Brief Overview Of Sociology Research Paper Topics Related To Healthcare

<h1>A Brief Overview Of Sociology Research Paper Topics Related To Healthcare</h1><p>Sociology Research Paper Topics Related to Healthcare incorporates territories that are both basic and profoundly disputable in the contemporary world. These incorporate issues encompassing the clinical calling, the instructive framework, the human wellbeing administration, natural issues, and so forth. To address these issues, sociologists can attempt to concentrate such parts of society all in all through different sociological viewpoints. What you will require is a review of such issues so you will have a thought of what you are doing in the field of research.</p><p></p><p>Sociologists represent considerable authority in various fields of research. One such region of research is medicinal services. There are different focal points for sociologists with regards to the subject of medicinal services. By concentrating such themes, sociologists can help the med icinal services industry as far as getting ready for changes or giving a progressively empathetic approach.</p><p></p><p>Sociologists examine the latest patterns and see how individuals' practices, perspectives, convictions, and qualities influence their wellbeing and their human services. For example, on the off chance that you are examining the job of mechanical advancements in human wellbeing, you can utilize human science look into paper subjects identified with medicinal services. For instance, on the off chance that you study informal organizations, online networking, and the web, you can contemplate your discoveries corresponding to the Internet and the interpersonal organization idea. How this functions inside the setting of the human body and the earth is the most significant territory of your study.</p><p></p><p>The way you study the clinical field, you may discover human science look into paper points identified with clinica l morals to be generally fitting. By investigating the moral clashes in the field of medicinal services, you can help in the structure of new projects and in the general plan of the calling. By perceiving how medicinal services experts collaborate with one another and see one another, you can all the more likely see how human bodies and social orders function.</p><p></p><p>Sociologists can likewise contemplate cultural issues identified with nature and how they sway people and how they connect with each other. For instance, by examining the general condition of nature and how it influences the human brain, sociologists can help in the structuring of new plans and strategies. Through analyzing human conduct and the earth, you can help in discovering methods for improving both the human psyche and body.</p><p></p><p>Sociologists can likewise utilize human science examine paper points identified with maturing to help the medicinal service s industry. By examining the different issues encompassing maturing and mature age, you can help in building up the medicinal services industry with the goal that everybody approaches quality healthcare.</p><p></p><p>Sociologists can likewise utilize sociological research paper subjects identified with human cooperations to make individuals mindful of how to improve their lives and live in an intuitive manner. By doing this, you can help the medicinal services industry regarding taking the human services industry forward to new heights.</p>

How to Start an Essay About Yourself

<h1>How to Start an Essay About Yourself</h1><p>How to begin an article about yourself is something the greater part of us need to know the response to. We as a rule have a touch of individual data remembered for our data on a resume or introductory letter, and have wanted to realize how to start an individual paper. This is somewhat of a mind boggling point, as it includes composing just as talking, and some of the time even both. The thought is to create a short, however proficient looking record that speaks to you and what you are all about.</p><p></p><p>The first thing you have to do is choose what you will expound on in your own exposition. This could be somewhat close to home, a few parts of your life that you are by and by intrigued by, or anything about yourself. You ought to pick a subject that you are keen on and make certain to pick something that is intelligent of you. Attempt to include your very own portion encounters, and ensur e the subject of the article is intelligent of your general personality.</p><p></p><p>Then you ought to compose your own paper, starting with the presentation. Your presentation ought to give some history about you, with stories or a rundown of how you came to where you are today. The data ought to be legitimately identified with you, and this will enable you to figure out what you have to start your own article. Recollect this ought to be an impression of you, not really an article that another person will peruse for information.</p><p></p><p>In the center of your own paper, you ought to sum up or clarify a couple of your best focuses, and afterward set aside some effort to expound on these focuses. Portray in however much detail as could reasonably be expected how you feel the circumstance is consistent with you, and why it is valid. By doing this, you'll have the option to get over your genuine sentiments about the theme at hand.< ;/p><p></p><p>As soon as you are done with your outline, start on your next point bybriefly referencing that point. This is called an 'endnote,' and ought to be put after the synopsis of your thoughts. Along these lines, your peruser can return and read your point further to check whether it is as yet pertinent, or on the off chance that it needs more work.</p><p></p><p>Once you have started your own exposition, you ought to get some input from your supervisor. Most authors are not content with the work they put into their composed work, thus they will welcome any useful analysis, and regularly even proposals. This is the manner by which to begin an article about yourself.</p><p></p><p>Just make sure to be straightforward with your proofreader. You won't just get scrutinizes however will have the option to give your editorial manager an exact appraisal of your work as a whole.</p><p></p><p>W riting isn't simple, and it sets aside some effort to compose a decent, proficient exposition. Remember this and be as itemized as could be expected under the circumstances. This is the way to begin an exposition about yourself, and will help guarantee you turn out a quality document.</p>

Freedom Of Expression Essay - 748 Words

Freedom of Expression: All people in the United States are guaranteed this right by the Constitution. Students, however, do not have this right to the same extent as adults. This is because public schools are required to protect all students at the school. The major aspects of this right are speech and dress. Both the right to speech and dress are not absolute in public high schools. According to the American Civil Liberties Union: quot;You (students) have a right to express your opinions as long as you do so in a way that doesnt materially and substantially dirsupt classes or other school activities. If you hold a protest on the school steps and block the entrance to the building, school officials can stop you. They can probably†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they must obey the First Amendment. This means that they can teach about the influences of religion in history, literature, and philosophy- they cant promote religious beliefs or practices as a part of the curriculum...Also, students can be excused from some school activities if they conflict with their religious beliefsquot; (quot;Ask Sybil Libertyquot; 1998). The issue of religion has also been brought up in regards to prayer and graduation. In 1992, the United States Supreme Court in Lee v. Weisman stated, quot;The First Amendments Religion Clauses mean that religious beliefs and religious expression are too precious to be either proscribed or prescribed by the Statequot; (Harrison and Gilbert 161). The court held that prayers at public high school graduations are unconstitutional. However, students can pray and have prayer groups at school if the groups are not sponsored or endorsed by school officials. Fair Treatment and Equality in Education: All students are guaranteed the right to equal education opportunity, despite their color, race, religion, class, sex or citizenship. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas set the standard for the desegregation of public schools and this case also startedShow MoreRelatedFreedom of Expression1919 Words   |  8 Pagesabove surely has been presented throughout history as an archetype of this concept, specifically noting freedom of expression as a right to which all hold possession. The assertion of this right is well represented in the Unites States Bill of Rights. Within that document the First Amendment specifically restricts governmental powers prohibiting any such law or act from abbreviating our freedom of speech . This keystone to the American Democratic System spawns dialogue and discourse which forms policyRead MoreThe Freedom And Freedom Of Expression1355 Words   |  6 PagesWhat drives immigrants to endure the perilous journey to the United States is precious freed om, and the chance of living the American dream. More commonly parents bring their children in hope for a greater standard of life. Undoubtedly there are better education opportunities that correspond directly to better job opportunities. In other cases immigrants are seeking asylum from war-torn countries just trying to escape death by any means necessary. Extreme poverty is an epidemic in foreign countriesRead MoreNgos And Freedom Of Expression1719 Words   |  7 Pages NGOs and Freedom of Expression NGOs are significant actors in defending the human right to freedom of expression worldwide. The right to freedom of expression is entrenched in international law through the following: Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Freedom Of Expression817 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens freedom of expression and what the people can do with those rights. In this paper, I will talk about Our Right to express, media Regulation in America, Court cases that helped us define the rules, and the yes and no’s. Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression is when its the individual right to â€Å"to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers† (Ponce, Dunham, Behrendt). With this freedom, peopleRead MoreThe Issue Of Freedom Of Expression1277 Words   |  6 PagesEverything that we consider to be freedom of expression such as, Freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, petition, and of association are all protected by our First Amendment. The Supreme Court has previously said that this freedom is the matrix, the indispensable condition of nearly every other form of freedom. Without this, all other constitutional rights like the right to vote, would wither and die. Despite being the First of twenty-seven amendments in our constitutional hierarchy, theRead MoreSpeech On Freedom Of Expression1552 Words   |  7 PagesIs freedom of expression really a right of American citizens, and if so, are there any limits? To st art off, freedom of expression is the right to express ones ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms of communication, but without deliberately causing harm to others character and/or reputation by false or misleading statements. There is no such thing as full freedom of expression. There are many articles and laws stating that a person has complete and utter freedom ofRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Expression1198 Words   |  5 PagesIII. Freedom of speech and expression The freedom of speech and expression is a cherished human right which has worldwide acceptance. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights through Article19, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights through Article 19, the European Convention on Human Rights through Article 19 etc. recognize this right as a human right. But it is not clear whether the right to use loudspeaker forms part of this right. Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian ConstitutionRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Expression Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe State of Punjab, Fram Nusserwanji v. State of Bombay, Chandardeo v. State of Bihar, Tozam-mal v. Government of Bengal, etc., the laws related to press ultra vires to the constitution were quashed. Article 19(1) (a), freedom of speech and expression which also includes freedom of press is with the restrictions provided in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. When the constitution was enacted, Article 19 contained only following restrictions: 1. Libel, slander and defamation 2. Contempt of courtRead MorePrivacy And Freedom Of Expression2447 Words   |  10 Pages Privacy and freedom of expression are both vital in the preservation of society. In stating this one must be acutely aware of the medias role in directly advocating for freedom of expression over an individual’s right to privacy. In AG v Guardian Newspapers, Lord Geoff states that ‘freedom of expression has existed in this country perhaps as long, if not longer, than it has existed in any other country in the world’ . Nevertheless these rights must be balanced and applied in a manner which isRead More Freedom of Expression Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesConstitution concerns freedom of expression. Some Americans, such as the Libertarians, feel there should be no censorship. On the other end of the spectrum are more conservative people, many religious, who believe there should be strict limits on what can be published. Most people would agree it is a bad idea to publish or put on the Internet the plans for homemade bombs, biological weapons, or other devices which may be used to kill or maim someone. But in the name of freedom of the press, this

Interesting Anthropological Topics For Essay Topics

Interesting Anthropological Topics For Essay TopicsThere are various anthropological topics for essay topics. One can do research about other cultures or learn about science and culture from a book or journal article. An anthropology study could take place at the community college level or at the university.There are different ways of doing research. You can choose to study anthropology in its professional and most basic forms. This could be accomplished through an anthropology degree program. In addition, you can get a bachelor's degree in anthropology that could lead to a master's degree in the field.If you are a student who wants to be an anthropologist in a day-to-day basis, there are many available jobs as well as the research opportunities that can help you find a way to tackle your chosen topic. This could include entering schools, visiting museums, attending conferences, assisting individuals or companies, and participating in research related to various aspects of culture. Y ou will be studying a wide range of subjects and will likely conduct an anthropological survey, along with many other types of studies.When looking for a paper topic, there are several things to keep in mind. For example, the more general the subject, the easier it is to discuss in a formal writing assignment. In addition, it is important to write about the basics of the subject, such as the values, beliefs, and practices of a specific group of people.A survey should look into the unique features of each culture or region, such as religious beliefs, lifestyles, clothing, and food. You will need to focus on the similarities and differences between the culture and another culture. The ideas you come up with should also be relevant to the essay topic.There are several websites online that offer information about an interesting study materials for essay topics. The topics range from religious or spiritual values, historical figures, cultural practices, crime rates, history, and language . This information can be used for both fun and learning purposes.It will be a large part of your assignment to research the facts about a particular culture. You will need to check references and conduct your own research. If you are unsure about something, then it is important to ask someone else to clarify the situation for you.On the Internet, you can find lots of links that can give you more information about the topic. This research should help you make your choice for essay topic. You will be working together with other people to answer this question.

Definition Of An Argumentative Thesis Statement

Definition Of An Argumentative Thesis StatementIt is important to understand the difference between an argumentative thesis statement and an argumentative thesis argument. Arguments are based on a central thesis. However, in an argumentative thesis statement, the thesis is thought about and defined before the conclusion is arrived at. In an argumentative thesis argument, the main thesis is thought of in its totality and is not separated into sub-themes as it is in an argumentative thesis statement.In an argumentative thesis statement, one main thesis is used to support the opinion of others. This means that the other arguments supporting the original thesis must be in agreement with the thesis. One might be arguing a point against another view and it is important to address the opposition's point in order to have the best defense of one's own view. This makes the argumentative thesis statement much more demanding than an argumentative thesis argument where only one point of view can be supported.The thesis statement could be the title of a book, the end of a sentence, or something stated by an author, but usually in an argumentative thesis statement it is the last word on the subject of debate. An argumentative thesis statement needs to be logical and complete. The thesis needs to be self-evident and not yet proved. The main point of the thesis will be expressed in the middle of the sentence. The conclusion is the final sentence of the thesis and shows what follows if the thesis is false.An argumentative thesis statement can be presented in the form of a thesis that shows the necessity for supporting a view with proofs, supporting evidence, and using philosophical or other arguments to support a conclusion. It can also be presented in the form of a thesis that is just an opinion in support of a conclusion. A thesis is often included in a body of work that demonstrates a certain knowledge or skill, or that fits into a general frame of reference.Although many peo ple assume that arguments must be logical, an argumentative thesis statement may not be supported by such arguments. It is only when the whole body of work is presented to support the thesis that it can be considered valid. An argumentative thesis statement may be the title of a book, or a paragraph of a long book.In general, when it comes to an argumentative thesis statement, there is a total outline of arguments that should be made and supported, supported with proof, then finally the conclusion. When it comes to an argumentative thesis argument, the thesis is the last sentence of the argument, and the rest of the sentences are merely supporting statements. Thus, an argumentative thesis argument may not include any supporting arguments at all. One does not have to be creative to make a thesis, there are plenty of examples found in literature.The thesis statement is often the title of a book, where the thesis is the last part of the body of work. The thesis statement can also be ca lled the last word in a body of work that relates to or includes the thesis. Therefore, it should be used as an example of a thesis statement to illustrate the issue in question.

Related Literature-Inventory System Free Essays

Inventory control systems maintain information about activities within firms that ensure the delivery of products to customers. The subsystems that perform these functions include sales, manufacturing, warehousing, ordering, and receiving. In different firms the activities associated with each of these areas may not be strictly contained within separate subsystems, but these functions must be performed in sequence in order to have a well-run inventory control system. We will write a custom essay sample on Related Literature-Inventory System or any similar topic only for you Order Now In today’s business environment, even small and mid-sized businesses have come to rely on computerized inventory management systems. Certainly, there are plenty of small retail outlets, manufacturers, and other businesses that continue to rely on manual means of inventory tracking. Indeed, for some small businesses, like convenience stores, shoe stores, or nurseries, purchase of an electronic inventory tracking system might constitute a wasteful use of financial resources. But for other firms operating in industries that feature high volume turnover of raw materials and/or finished products, computerized tracking systems have emerged as a key component of business strategies aimed at increasing productivity and maintaining competitiveness. Moreover, the recent development of powerful computer programs capable of addressing a wide variety of record keeping needs—including inventory management—in one integrated system have also contributed to the growing popularity of electronic inventory control options.Given such developments, it is little wonder that business experts commonly cite inventory management as a vital element that can spell the difference between success and failure in today’s keenly competitive business world. Writing inProduction and Inventory Management Journal,Godwin Udo described telecommunications technology as a critical organizational asset that can help a company realize important competitive gains in the area of inventory management.He noted that companies that make good use of this technology are far better equipped to succeed than those who rely on outdated or unwieldy methods of inventory control. 1 COMPUTERS AND INVENTORY Automation can dramatically impact all phases of inventory management, including counting and monitoring of inventory items; recording and retrieval of item storage location; recording changes to inventory; and anticipating inventory needs, including inventory handling requirements.This is true even of stand-alone systems that are not integrated with other areas of the business, but many analysts indicate that productivity—and hence profitability—gains that are garnered through use of automated systems can be increased even more when a business integrates its inventory control systems with other systems such as accounting and sales to better control inventory levels. As Dennis Eskow noted inPC Week,business executives are â€Å"increasingly integrating financial data, such as accounts receivable, with sales information that includes customer histories.The goal: to control inventory quarter to quarter, so it doesn’t come back to bite the bottom line. Key components of an integrated system †¦ are general ledger, electronic data interchange, database connectivity, and connections to a range of vertical business applications. † THE FUTURE OF INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEMS In the latter part of the 1990s, many businesses invested heavily in integrated order and inventory systems designed to keep inventories at a minimum and replenish stock quickly.But business owners have a variety of system integration options from which to choose, based on their needs and financial liquidity. At the same time that these integrated systems have increased in popularity, business observers have suggested that â€Å"stand-alone† systems are falling into disfavor. A 1996 study by the International Mass Retail Association (IMRA), for example, concluded that stand alone Warehouse Management System (WMS) packages acquired to perform individual functions will soon become obsolete because they do not integrate well with other systems. Another development of which small business vendors should be aware is a recent trend wherein powerful retailers ask their suppliers to implement vendor-managed inventory systems. These arrangements place the responsibility for inventory management squarely on the shoulders of the vendors. Under such an agreement, the vendors obtain warehouse or point of sale information from the retailer and use that information to make inventory restocking decisions. 2 WAREHOUSE LAYOUT AND OPERATIONThe move toward automation in inventory management naturally has moved into the warehouse as well. Citing various warehousing experts, Sarah Bergin contended inTransportation and Distributionmagazine that â€Å"the key to getting productivity gains from inventory management †¦ is placing real-time intelligent information processing in the warehouse. This empowers employees to take actions that achieve immediate results. Real-time processing in the warehouse uses combinations of hardware including m aterial handling and data collection technologies. But according to these executives, the intelligent part of the system is sophisticated software which automates and controls all aspects of warehouse operations. † Another important component of good inventory management is creation and maintenance of a sensible, effective warehousing design. A well-organized, user-friendly warehouse layout can be of enormous benefit to small business owners, especially if they are involved in processing large volumes of goods and materials. Conversely, an inefficient warehouse system can cost businesses dearly in terms of efficiency, customer service, and, ultimately, profitability.Transportation and Distributionmagazine cited several steps that businesses utilizing warehouse storage systems can take to help ensure that they get the most out of their facilities. It recommended that companies utilize the following tools: Stock locator database—†The stock locator database required for proactive decision making will be an adjunct of the inventory file in a state-of-the-art space management system. A running record will be maintained of the stock number, lot number, and number of pallet loads in each storage location. Grid coordinates of the reserve area, including individual rack tier positions, must therefore be established, and the pallet load capacity of all storage locations must be incorporated into the database. † Grid coordinate numbering system—Warehouse numbering system should be developed in conjunction with the storage layout, and should be user-friendly so that workers can quickly locate currently stocked items and open storage spaces alike. Communication systems—Again, this can be a valuable investment if the business’s warehouse requirements are significant.Such facilities often utilize fork lift machinery that can be used more effectively if their operators are not required to periodically return to a central assignment area. Current technology makes it possible for the warehouse computer system to interact with terminal displays or other communications devices on the fork lifts themselves. â€Å"Task assignment can then be made by visual display or prin tout, and task completion can be confirmed by scanning, keyboard entry, or voice recognition, † observedTransportation and Distribution.Maximization of storage capacity—Warehouses that adhere to rigid â€Å"storage by incoming lot size† storage arrangements do not always make the best use of their space. Instead, businesses should settle on a strategy that eases traffic congestion and best eases problems associated with ongoing turnover in inventory. Some companies choose to outsource their warehouse functions. â€Å"This allows a company that isn’t as confident in running their own warehousing operations to concentrate on their core business and let the experts worry about keeping track of their inventory, † wrote Bergin.Third-party inventory control operations can provides companies with an array of valuable information, including analysis of products and spare parts, evaluations of their time sensitivity, and information on vendors. Of course, businesses weighing whether to outsource such a key component of their operation need to consider the expense of such a course of action, as well as their feelings about relinquishing that level of control.Read more:Inventory Control Systems – cost, Computers and inventory, Warehouse layout and operationhttp://www. refe renceforbusiness. com/small/Inc-Mail/Inventory-Control-Systems. html#ixzz19yNe0cgT How to cite Related Literature-Inventory System, Papers

The Theory of Social Contracts Essay Example

The Theory of Social Contracts Essay The period of Enlightenment ushered in an age of intellectual development as well as theoretical formations on the concept of society. English political thinker Thomas Hobbes and French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau posit political treatises on the formation of social contracts as a necessity of man and eventually leads to the establishment of an ideal government. The paper will discuss first the concept of man’s nature according to both philosophers in order to determine the reason behind the formation of such contracts which will subsequently lead to the conception of governments and sovereignty. Hobbes proposes that man is essentially at war with other men, motivated by personal desire and fear of death that inhibits the formation of a peaceful society. Rousseau however, contradicts Hobbes argument of man as naturally at war but looks into a different state wherein man possesses compassion which enables the formation of ideal relationships and eventually, social contrac ts. We look into Hobbes’s viewpoint in his treatise Leviathan and compare and contrast several arguments with Rousseau’s On The Origin of Inequality and Social Contracts. Hobbes’ Natural Man and Covenants Hobbes’ political theory in Leviathan stipulates the formation of covenants as the final end of man’s actions, transgressing from his natural state wherein man is in constant war with himself and with others. First, we define Hobbes’ argument on the natural state of man that provides the basis of conflict. In comparison with Rousseau’s viewpoint, the nature of social contracts is reversed, wherein Rousseau’s notion of social conventions is negative compared to Hobbes’ notion of contracts as a deviation from the erring state of human nature. Hobbes argues: â€Å"For every man look that his companion should value him at the same rate he sets upon himself, and upon all signs of contempt or undervaluing naturally endeavor to extort a greater value from his condemners. So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory (Hobbes 84). The primitive state of man is bordere d on Hobbes’ statement â€Å"where every man is enemy to every man† (Hobbes 85). Each individual is focused on the aspiration for personal gain, thus creating conflict or an unharmonious relationship because of completion (gain), diffidence (safety, self-preservation), and glory (reputation). The chaotic context provided in Hobbes argument consequently inhibits the concept of justice in a particular social setting. Since man is motivated by personal gain, the fear of death through self-preservation, and personal glory, there is no concept of right and wrong or even justice. â€Å"Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice† (Hobbes 85). Thus, we see Hobbes attempt to present his first law on man’s natural state: that man, motivated by personal gain, sets himself in conflict with other men who pursue the same object. He then narrates â€Å"the passions that incline men to peace are: fear of death; desire of such things as a re necessary to commodious living; and a hope by their industry to obtain them† (Hobbes 86). We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Social Contracts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Social Contracts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Social Contracts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Hobbes, the natural law governing social relationships is motivated by the passions; specifically, man’s fear of death. Thus, the first natural law, in context with the natural state, is that every man has innate rights or liberty to will himself to self-preservation and that one can do anything to his body, even to another person. As long as this natural law exists, there can be no harmonious buildup of society. The second law then obligates man to create peace or to achieve peace through any means necessary and from here, man is then obligated to set such rule to all and that every right of man is necessary to be withdrawn or transferred in order to build peace; since to maintain the second rule, man will be constantly at war. The renouncement of rights is essentially good in itself because it aspires for the majority rather than the self, governed by selfish passions. However, such rights are not to be taken away by force or for an individual to force himself o f withdrawing his own, since â€Å"he cannot be understood to aim thereby at any good to himself† (Hobbes 91). Renouncement of rights should be voluntary and by choice, in order to determine the goodness which will benefit the majority. Thus, social contracts or covenants are formed. Hobbes argues that for a man to achieve peace, it is necessary to break away, through the tenets of reason, from the natural state wherein every individual is motivated by personal gain and fear of death. This fear motivates the individual, in relation to self-preservation, to create contracts with other men in order to achieve peace, wherein the value of life becomes the unifying factor for all; thus creating peace and harmony. Covenants are then considered to be the agreements that will benefit two parties aspiring for different objects. Justice then presents itself in the presence of covenants, for justice occurs when an individual performs or acts upon the agreement or covenant while injustic e is the failure to establish covenants which inadvertently places the individual in his former natural state. Hobbes definition of the natural state and the natural law focuses on the importance of self-preservation or the fear of the death in relation to the individual. In contrast with Rousseau, the formation of contract is that of beneficial to man rather than Rousseau’s argument that society itself that provides inequality and conflict. Contracts, through reason, necessitate a societal framework that is governed by the inexpressible right of every man to survival and preservation of life. The Commonwealth For Hobbes, the ideal form of government is the formation of the commonwealth which acts as the â€Å"final cause, end or design of men (who naturally love liberty and dominion over others) in the introduction of that restraint upon themselves, in which we see them live in Commonwealths, is the foresight of their own preservation, and of a more contented life thereby† (Hobbes 116). The formation of covenants, which represent a duty-bound notion to aspire for peaceful societal conditions, inevitably leads to its conception wherein the withdrawal of individual rights is penultimate toward its formation. Conventions serve the function as a mean toward the aspiration of the common power or will of the majority. Common power acts as a protection against external attack or injuries that an individual may cause upon the other and is formed through the transcendence of personal right to a man or an assembly: â€Å"Confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their will, by plurality of their voice, unto one will: which is as much to say, to appoint one man, or assembly of men, to bear their person† (Hobbes 118). Every man should then willingly state: â€Å"I authorize and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou give up thy right to him and authorize all his action in like manner† (Hobbes 118). We take into context a mix between a democracy (representation of the few) and monarchy (rule by a sovereign). However, Hobbes’ monarchy is not entirely absolute, ruled by the elite or loyalty; rather Hobbes’ conception of monarchy focuses on the rule of a sovereign where powers are granted by the conventions of the majority. From such, the sovereign is then obligated to perform the powers bestowed upon the social covenants; the sovereign itself being a representation of the general will of the people. The Commonwealth The sovereign, either instituted in one man or an assembly of men, is bestowed power of the withheld rights by society or subjects. As sovereign, its responsibility lies on any action or authorization to ensure the presence of duration of peace and to create any means necessary to protect individuals from others as well as to protect attacks from other societies. According to Hobbes, there are only three kinds of commonwealth and nothing else; a democracy, monarchy, or aristocracy. Hobbes does not believe that no man aspires for a turbulent and rocky society. However, Hobbes is partial toward a monarchial government, which, according to him, generally embodies the conventions made by man, and in essence, the nature of a commonwealth: â€Å"The riches power and honor of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subject. For no king can be rich nor glorious, nor secure, whose subjects are either poor, or contemptible, or too weak through want, or dissension† (Hobbes 130). Amor Propre and Civil Society On the other hand, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s work Discourse on Inequality and Social Contract primarily present arguments against Hobbes’ definition on the natural state of man in contrast with social systems and conventions. Rousseau argues on the condition of the human soul as it progresses from its distinct natural form up until the pure state of man is transformed through social relationships or systems. First, he argues the physical differences of man, which in essence, does not ultimately provide a firm basis of inequality: I conceive that there are two kinds of inequality among the human species; one which I call natural or physical, because it is established by nature, and consists in a difference of age, health, bodily strength, and the qualities of the mind or the soul; and another, which may be called moral or political inequality, because it depends on a kind of convention. (Rousseau 1) Apart from physical differences, inequality falls under the moral or political sense. In the context of social structure, inequality lies on the ladder of power and wealth, wherein the notion of civil society is created by the rich in order to suppress the poor of wealth and maintain power among the elite few. In contrast with Hobbes, Rousseau presents a different view of man’s natural state wherein man is savage in nature wherein ideas are generated by sense experience. But in opposition to regular animals, man has reason that establishes himself apart from common animals. The natural behavior of man is similar to that of Hobbes’ viewpoint but differs in motivation. According to Rousseau, the basic instinct of man is self-preservation, free will and compassion; the last being the most important part in man’s natural state wherein Hobbes contends to man’s natural war with the other. He contends Hobbes’ view of man’s nature which compels him w ith the fear of death. However, Rousseau argues: â€Å"the knowledge of death and its terrors being one of the first acquisitions made by man in departing from an animal state† (Rousseau 17). In contrast, Hobbes’ provides death as a motivator for withdrawing personal rights in order to achieve peace while Rousseau presents reason as a way of fighting the irrational passions that push him out of his natural state. In addition, compassion is the important natural virtue that contradicts selfish impulses or vices which come from the passions or irrational tendencies of man. Rousseau narrates that Hobbes’ definition of man does not provide himself with an idea of goodness, that man may be considered as evil. Rousseau’s view presents man, in his primitive state, as essentially good, and possesses virtue. â€Å"so many writers have hastily concluded that man is naturally cruel, and requires civil institutions to make him more mild; whereas nothing is more gent le than man in his primitive state, as he is placed by nature at an equal distance from the stupidity of brutes† (Rousseau 47). Compassion is the most important aspect of man, along with innate desires of preservation, reason and free will. â€Å"It is this compassion that hurries us without reflection to the relief of those who are in distress: it is this which in a state of nature supplies the place of laws, morals, and virtue, with the advantage that none are tempted to disobey its gentle voice† (Rousseau 31). Compassion generates interaction with other men and the natural instinct of self-preservation, as times continue to progress, enables the individual to improve living conditions. Thus, the combination of compassion, reason, self-preservation enables the individual to form conventions with other men. However, the problem lies with the development of amour propre, the subsequent regularity of conventions where man’s reason is garbled to a false sense of dependency on the individuals through improvement of self-perception and acquiring favor. The natural, non-invasive self-love is transformed to a more self-centered and jealous love of others. â€Å"Man must now, therefore, have been perpetually employed in getting others to interest themselves in his lot and in making them, apparently at least, if not really, find their advantage in promoting his own† (Rousseau 51). This corrosive notion of self-love produces competition, comparison with others, hatred, and the continuous search of ambition and power: â€Å"In a word, there arose rivalry and competition on the one hand and conflicting interests on the other, together with a secret desire on both profiting at the expense of others† (Rousseau 51). The Social Contract Thus, Rousseau defines man’s state of nature as it develops amour propre. To deviate from the natural state, the formation of social contract is evident in order to rid of the evils pertaining civil society. According to Rousseau, the conception of social contracts delimits the individual from inequality and therefore frees himself from the trappings of social classification. The purpose of the contract is to establish a body that will inadvertently defend the rights of the individual and the right of society as a while. Similar to that of Hobbes’ notion, social contracts are meant to deviate the condition of human nature from its amoral/evil sense in order to create society focused on peace. The social contract, in Rousseau’s perspective, is founded on the presence of the general will: â€Å"Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisi ble part of the whole† (Rousseau Social Contract, 59). The general will is the summation of all opinions of the majority, which in turn acts as an abstract form that aims toward the good of all. Rousseau also posits the idea of a sovereign which acts a representative of the people. The people however, in Rousseau’s form of government, are not represented by senators or magistrates but represent themselves as a symbol of the general will. Sovereign Similarities Both philosophers argue on the importance of social contracts in establishing relationships with people in order to construct an acceptable and peaceful social framework. Both stress the importance of the ‘natural’ law of man to deviate himself from his primary state and is obligated to create a world without indifference and conflict through commonality of opinions and desire. The difference lies on both philosophers account of man’s nature, wherein Hobbes argues that man is essentially evil and it is through civil relationship that man refines himself and achieves peace. Rousseau contradicts Hobbes’ arguments that he had failed to include compassion as a virtue in man’s natural state. Rousseau opines negatively toward civil societies, that conventions itself ruin man’s natural state through social classification and levels of power. Instead, Rousseau posits man as a docile creature until society corrupts his natural state. On the subject of contracts, both thinkers apply the same rule for the formation of social agreement as majority of society transfers its rights toward a sovereign that which governs and protects them. However, Hobbes is partial toward a monarchial government wherein it is suited with the embodiment of his covenants while Rousseau proposes the same powers for a sovereign but also adds the presence of the government to mitigate the function of the sovereign who acts as the representation of the general will while the government attends to particular or private wills. Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments Economic theorist Adam Smith proposes on his treatise Theory of Moral Sentiments the formation of a consciousness in the perspective of a leader, or in Rousseau’s/Hobbes’ context, a sovereign, in order to determine, apart from proper behavior, the rules and regulations that one must impose upon the subjects of society. Smith narrates: â€Å"We suppose ourselves the spectators of our own behavior, and to endeavor to imagine what effect it would, in this light produce upon us† (Smith 112). In context of a sovereign, it is essential, according to Smith, to examine actions and decisions through a detached position wherein the leader supposes himself to be a common citizen that according to theory, provides the power and responsibility of governance. Thus, rules imposed upon the subjects of sovereignty should be taken into proper consideration by the sovereign, so as to measure the worth and value of behavior reflection upon society, according to Smith. For example, a ruler’s ethical behavior is dependent on the laws in which he imposes over the ruled. Harsh policies that generally disfavor society imply that the ruler may be arrogant and selfish and therefore does not suit the position. Lenient policies on the other hand may imply a carefree attitude with the lack of seriousness that a good leader must possess. Thus, rules and impositions should situate itself in the middle rather than the extreme and through Smith’s propositions, the leader must then view rules as an ordinary citizen. In relation to Hobbes’ and Rousseau’s social theories, the concept of the sovereign is created by the people and represents the general will. Therefore, there is an implication of a natural balance of power between the governed and the sovereign. In Hobbes view, the sovereign’s duty is dictated or authored by the subjects and therefore cannot harm the governed whether through abuse or dereliction of duty; rather, the formation o f laws and policies are in relation toward the fulfillment of the commonwealth’s purpose – that is, the preservation of peace. However, Hobbes monarchial standpoint does not entirely agree with Smith’s proposition since the monarch, utilizing the commonwealth’s purpose, has the power of censorship on speech, publication or any other form of expression that may disturb the peaceful status quo. Thus, Smith’s proposal cannot be applied with Hobbes’s notion of government. However, Rousseau takes into consideration the general will of the populace that also gives right and power to the sovereign. But Rousseau does not imply the purpose of peace in his government; rather, he focuses on the general will as given power. The sovereign has then the duty to make sure that laws do not violate the freedom of every individual for it is they who had created power in the first place. Works Cited Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Mineola, N.Y. Dover Publications, 2006. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2004. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. New York: Penguin Classics, 1968. Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publications, 1997.